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Growth continues throughout pregnancy; however xorimax antibiotic order generic chloramphenicol online, secretion is most notable late in pregnancy antibiotic vitamin c purchase chloramphenicol american express. Milk is synthesized in the alveoli and is stored in their lumina before passage through the lactiferous ducts to the nipples. Secretion of milk lipids occurs by an apocrine mechanism whereby some apical cytoplasm is included with the secretory product. Oxytocin is required for the release of milk from the mammary gland through the action of the myoepithelial cells that surround the alveoli and proximal (closer to the alveolus) portions of the duct system. These channels transport solute-free water through collecting duct cells and into blood, leading to a decrease in plasma osmolarity and an increase osmolarity of urine. Neurohumoral reflexes are involved in the suckling-milk ejection response (answer e). This lack of success occurs despite the fact that 90% of the patients undergoing vasovasostomy have sperm return to the ejaculate. In the case of vasectomy, sperm that have Reproductive Systems Answers 379 leaked from the male reproductive tract are viewed as foreign by immune surveillance and antibodies develop. The phagocytosis of sperm by macrophages plays a role in the development of antisperm antibodies that occurs following the ligation or removal of a segment of the vas deferens (answer d). Spermatogenesis begins at puberty long after the development of selfrecognition in the immune system (answer b). The blood-testis barrier protects developing sperm from exposure to systemic factors (answer a). The basal compartment containing the spermatogonia and preleptotene spermatocytes is exposed to plasma; however, the adluminal compartment, which contains primary and secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, and testicular sperm, prevents these antigens from entering the blood. The inability of cryptorchid testes to produce fertile sperm is related to the higher temperature in the abdomen than in the normal scrotal location (answer c). During the follicular phase (approximately days 4 to 16), estrogen produced by the ovaries drives cell proliferation in the base of endometrial glands and the uterine stroma. The secretory phase (approximately days 16 to 25) is characterized by high progesterone levels from the corpus luteum, a tortuous appearance of the uterine glands, and apocrine secretion by the gland cells. The menstrual phase (approximately days 26 to 30) is characterized by decreased glandular secretion and eventual glandular degeneration because of decreased production of both progesterone and estrogen by the theca lutein cells. Contraction of coiled arteries and arterioles leads to ischemia and necrosis of the stratum functionale. The vagina is characterized by a stratified squamous epithelium that contains large accumulations of glycogen. Glycogen is released into the vaginal lumen and is subsequently metabolized to lactic acid by commensal lactobacilli. The low pH inhibits growth of a variety of microorganisms, but not sexually transmitted pathogens, such as Trichomonas vaginalis. Treatment for vaginal infections usually includes acidified carriers to reestablish a more acidic pH like that usually seen in mid-menstrual cycle. The delay in menstruation coupled with the presence of basophilic cells in a vaginal smear are clues. Ovulation is the midpoint of the cycle and should be more than a few days away (answers a and b). She is relatively young for the onset of menopause and there are no other symptoms (answer e). Exfoliative cytology can be used to diagnose cancer and to determine if the epithelium is under stimulation of estrogen and progesterone. The presence of basophilic cells in the smear with the Pap-staining method would indicate the presence of both estrogen and progesterone (answer c). The corpus luteum forms from the granulosa and theca layers of the follicle following ovulation. The luteal phase is the second half of the menstrual period and follows the follicular phase during which follicles mature. They pass through the basalis layer of the endometrium into the functional zone, and their distal ends are subject to degeneration with each menses. In the proliferative phase, the endometrium is only 382 Anatomy, Histology, and Cell Biology 1- to 3-mm thick, and the glands are straight, with the spiral arteries only slightly coiled. This diagram of the early secretory phase shows an edematous endometrium that is 4-mm thick, with glands that are large, beginning to sacculate in the deeper mucosa, and coiled for their entire length. Those molecules, along with plasmin and prostaglandins, facilitate the rupture of the ovarian follicle, leading to ovulation.
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A hamster egg penetration assay was performed in which hamster eggs are collected and their zona pellucidae are enzymatically removed prior to mixing with sperm antibiotics for uti in early pregnancy buy line chloramphenicol. Sperm formation antibiotic resistant organisms buy chloramphenicol line, maturation and penetration Addition of cholesterol to the sperm plasma membrane A decrease in the fluidity of the sperm plasma membrane Sequestration of acrosomal enzymes Capacitation, acrosome reaction and penetration Embryology: Early and General 73 5. The oocyte of a mature follicle will be induced to undergo the first meiotic division as a result of which of the following hormonal stimuli Following intercourse, which of the following is responsible for the prevention of polyspermy Resumption of the first meiotic division Resumption of the second meiotic division Capacitation the zona reaction the release of enzymes from the sperm acrosome 7. Oogonia reach their maximum number at which of the following stages of human development Five months of fetal life Birth Puberty (12 to 14 years of age) Adolescence (16 to 20 years of age) Early adulthood (21 to 26 years of age) 8. Approximately how much time is required for the return of viable sperm to the epididymis Implantation of the conceptus at which site in the accompanying diagram of the female reproductive system is most likely to result in excessive, perhaps fatal, vaginal bleeding immediately prior to parturition Cells that form the three primitive germ layers are derived from which of the following In the developing human embryo/fetus, most of the internal organs begin to form in which month The primitive uteroplacental circulation is functionally established during which period of embryonic/fetal development Hypoblast Epiblastic cells that undergo gastrulation Mesoderm Endoderm Nongastrulated epiblast 14. However, mixture with unoxygenated blood at various points reduces the oxygen content. Which of the following fetal vessels contains blood with the highest oxygen content Abdominal aorta Common carotid arteries Ductus arteriosus Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein 76 Anatomy, Histology, and Cell Biology 15. A female infant is born approximately 10 weeks prematurely (at 30 weeks) and weighs 1710 g. She is intubated endotracheally with mechanical ventilation immediately after birth. Over the first 4 days after birth the ventilator pressure and the fraction of inspired oxygen are reduced. Beginning on the fifth day after birth, she has brief desaturations that become more persistent. Further examination, echocardiogram, and x-rays reveal left atrial enlargement, an enlarged pulmonary artery, increased pulmonary vasculature, and a continuous machine-like murmur. Persistent foramen ovale Patent ductus arteriosus Ventricular septal defect Pulmonary stenosis Coarctation of the aorta 16. Which of the following processes places the developing heart in the presumptive thoracic region cranial to the septum transversum Gastrulation Lateral folding Cranial folding Neurulation Fusion of the endocardial heart tubes Embryology: Early and General 77 18. Which of the following is in direct contact with maternal blood in lacunae of the placenta Cells of the cytotrophoblast Extraembryonic mesoderm Fetal blood vessels Cells of the syncytiotrophoblast Amniotic cells 19. A dental hygienist is concerned about the effects of radiation on the in utero development of her baby. During which of the following periods is the embryo most susceptible to environmental influences that could induce the formation of nonlethal congenital malformations Fertilization to 1 week of fetal life the second week of fetal life the third through eighth weeks of fetal life the third month of fetal life the third trimester of fetal life 20. During a visit to her gynecologist, a patient reports she received vitamin A treatment for her acne unknowingly during the first 2 months of an undetected pregnancy. Which of the following organ systems in the developing fetus is most likely to be affected
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